Management in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Management in context - Essay Example These damaging theories have made students to believe that managers cannot be trusted. I also noticed that the theories suggest that strict supervision and control of employees is the optimal manner of operating a business. The article showed that academic research associated with business and management conduct, influences management negatively in that students relinquish their moral responsibility by learning its theories (Ghoshal, 2005). Surprises in JA2 This article demonstrated that the theories taught in universities and business schools are to blame for the managers’ poor performance. This is because the managers underutilise the available resources when they follow incorrect channels that lead to bad decisions as a result having of inadequate knowledge. Possession of relevant knowledge was emphasized in this article, where Donaldson implies that managers do not make bad decisions intentionally, but it is because of inadequate knowledge that these errors arise. â€Å"T hese errors are not intended by the managers, and are due to deficiencies in their knowledge† (Donaldson, 2002:97). A new thought was introduced when Donaldson wrote that social theories taught in business schools have had contradictions with the assumptions made in management education. â€Å"There is contradiction between the views expressed by some major contemporary social science theories taught in management schools and the assumptions on which management education is founded† (Donaldson, 2002:97). The way Donaldson proved the incompatibility of the economic and finance, strategy theory, agency theory, institutional theory, and judgmental bias theory was so convincing that I come to completely agreed with the article. The evidence In the article, Ghoshal argued that the negative management and conduct of business have been influenced by academic research learnt in business school by students who later become managers. I observed that the argument on assumptions an d ideas that Ghoshal was talking about were indeed true. â€Å"Our theories and ideas have done much to strengthen the management practices that we are all now so loudly condemning† by â€Å"adoption of a particular theory and more at the incorporation†, which have â€Å" ideologically inspired amoral theories† that are taught in business school(Ghoshal, 2005:76-76). The ideology of pessimism also known as liberalism brought a gloomy vision in management where the owners of a business do not trust the managers as it is evident in the many companies across the globe. Looking into Donaldson’s article and how he had argued, the five theories he had highlighted really contradicted optimal management of business and what students learnt in business schools. In economics and finance, when information is made public it cannot help one firm as all the other firms will have it and use it to their advantage. â€Å"Thus research-based knowledge, once public, confer s no economic advantage in (even semi strong) efficient markets. Only knowledge that is kept private can confer an advantage to the investor† (Donaldson, 2002:96). This shows that the research done in business school once made public cannot give students an upper hand. In the theory of strategy, when a firm has unique resources, it cannot disclose them to the managers, as they can reveal them to rival firms. This in turn results to resources being underutilised; therefore, failing to realize the full potential of the

Berlin Airlift 1948-49 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Berlin Airlift 1948-49 - Essay Example The provisions of the said agreement stipulated the division of Germany into four zones, allotted for each country, in accordance with the principles agreed upon in the Yalta Conference in 1945. In the same way, this set the division of Berlin into four zones as well (â€Å"Wikipedia†). However, the agreement had not provided for arrangements with regard to access to Berlin given that the city is within the Soviet zone (â€Å"Reader’s Companion to American History†). With this, the divergence of views on the status of Berlin soon emerged. The Soviet Union considered the presence of the other three Western nations only as a temporary occupation. As Joseph Stalin claimed, in economic and administrative terms, the whole of Berlin belonged to the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany. On the other hand, the Western Powers asserted that the citizens of Berlin had the right to choose and determine the future. (Elkins) The rift was further aggravated given the difference in Soviet Union’s and Western nation’s viewpoints regarding the economic recovery plan for Germany. The former believed that Germany should be incapacitated to launch another war since Stalin assumed that Germany along with Japan could once again be perils to Soviet Union by 1960s. On the contrary, the Western Powers, particularly the US, stressed that the post war reconstruction of Europe primarily depends on the rebuilding of German economy and industry. (â€Å"Wikipedia†) In line with the Western recovery plan, the unification of the Western-occupied sectors in Germany, dubbed as the Marshall Plan, was announced on March 6, 1948. The three Western zones would be consolidated with an independent federal government (â€Å"Wikipedia†). In this regard, the Soviet Union withdrew from the Allied Control Council administering over Berlin due to the perceived violation of the Potsdam Agreement by the Western Powers (â€Å"Reader’s Companion to American History†).

Should We Pay College Athletes Essay Example for Free

Should We Pay College Athletes Essay Should we pay college athletes? That is a big topic in NCAA sports right now. People think that college athletes work hard and that they deserve to get paid. Michael Wilbon is one of these people. At first he was against paying college athletes, but now he is all for it. He says that he is interested in seeing the people that make revenue share a little piece of it. Then you have people like a reporter from the Daily Evergreen. He is against paying the athletes. He states that when you are a student athlete it is student first and athlete second, and that if you start paying college athletes it will put being an athlete first. I strongly think that college athletes shouldn’t be paid for playing sports in college. Paying players to play sports in college can cause players to ruin their career, cause the NCAA to be one sided, and would take away scholarships. The first problem with paying college athletes is that it could ruin a college athlete’s future career. For example, what happens when you give a little kid money? They spend it on junk that they don’t need. So the same thing would happen with most young college athletes. Think about it, you’re giving a teenager straight out of high schools a bunch of money to come a play sports at your school. Teenagers are not responsible with money. A prime example of this happening is Josh Hamilton. Hamilton is a professional baseball player in the Major Leagues. He got drafted out of high school and signed a contract with the Tampa Bay Rays for nearly 4 million dollars. He got hooked up with the wrong people and ended up blowing all his money on drugs and tattoos. He even got kicked out of Major League baseball for a while. I think that this would happen to a lot of player in college if they got paid. Another problem with paying college athletes is that it will cause the NCAA to become one sided. It will make college sports just like professional sports. The colleges with the most money will have the best teams and the colleges with the least money will have the worst teams. The competition would disintegrate. Take a look at professional baseball for example. The highest paid team in the Majors is the New York Yankees, and they are also the best. The lowest paid team is the Kansas City Royals, and they are the worst team in baseball. New York has money to buy the best players out there, while the Royals don’t. They can’t get good players because of their budget. This is exactly what would happen if college athletes got paid. The college with the highest budget would get the best players in the country, while the college with the worst budget wouldn’t be able to get good players. This will make the same teams good and the same teams bad year in and year out. It would take all the competition away. The third and final reason that paying college athletes is a bad choice is that it would take away scholarships. Think about it, you are already paying college athletes to play by giving them scholarships. Why would you need to pay them more to play if they have a scholarship already? You wouldn’t. Which means that scholarships would be gone all together and that’s not fair to everyone else? What about the people that are non-athletes? They wouldn’t be able to get scholarships because they don’t play sports. This would cause the student population to decrease. Lots of people can’t afford to go to the colleges they go to. The only reason they can go is because scholarships allow them to. It’s not right to take away the opportunity for less fortunate people. So I think that paying college athletes is a bad idea. It could ruin a players career giving them a lot of money at a young age, like it almost did to Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers. It would also cause the NCAA to be uncompetitive and become exactly like the professional leagues. And lastly it would get rid of scholarships, which would take away opportunities of a lot of college students that are non-athletes Works Cited Chait, Jonathan. â€Å"Fixing College Sports: Why Paying Student Athletes Won’t Work† New York Magazine Mar.2012. Web. 29 Mar.2012 Hamilton, Josh, and Tim Keown â€Å"Beyond Belief† New York: Hamilton, 2008 â€Å"College Athletes Should Not Get Paid To Play† The Daily Evergreen Aug. 2011. Web. 29 Mar. 2012

Perversion :: essays research papers

Dermott O'Flanagan Sexual Ethics Paper The issues of sexual ethics in relation to morality and perversion have been addressed in depth by each of the gentleman at this table. Sexual activity as described by Solomon and Nagle is comprised of a moral standard and ‘naturalness’ aspect. So, in claiming an act is perverted we must first examine it through a moral framework and understand how this interacts with the ‘naturalness’ of a particular act. Solomon makes the distinction as follows â€Å"Perversion is an insidious concept†¦To describe an activity as perverse is not yet a full blown moral condemnation, for it need not entail that one ought not to indulge in such activities.† Along with the examination of the nature of an act, there must be clear justification as to why sexual acts deserve special separate ethical principles. The question arises: does an act simply due to its sexual nature deserve a separate form of moral inquisition than other acts that occur in nature? In this essa y I shall argue that perversion and immorality are not mutually exclusive. By this I mean that a sexual act that is, by my definition, immoral must also be perverted. It is also my contention that if an act is perverted we must also define it as immoral. This second part of the argument is contrary to what many of you have claimed. At the outset of this paper I would also like to state my support of Thomas Nagel’s argument holding that the connection between sex and reproduction has no bearing on sexual perversion. (Nagel 105) I will begin first with the idea that sexual behavior should not be granted its own moral code. Sexual ethics only makes sense if sexuality plays a unique role in human life. If procreation has significance precisely because it is a contribution to God's ongoing work of creation, sexuality is supremely important and must be governed by restrictive rules, which would therefore prohibit sexual acts that are not for procreative purposes. This justification of sexuality as a unique aspect of human life, however, is dependent on a theological claim that there exists a God who micro manages the sexual lives of individuals. Without the presence of such a God, there can exist no separate restrictive rules on the nature of sexual acts. Even if we grant that there is a God, most people will agree that sex is more often used as a way to intensify the bond between two people and therefor sex is the ultimate trust and intimacy that you can share with a person.

Summer

The leaves now searching for a new home, they flutter down on their wings of pure gold. The trees now come together, forsaken, isolated and soon to winters cold. Crickets, hedgehogs, owls too join in with the late night autumn song. To remind us another season won't be long. Christmas gifts make their showing on shelves in stores. Leaf blowers begin to go on vacation and snow shovels prepare for chores.Winter is here Everything knows from the tiny hares to the giant deer That Christmas our favorite time of the year is near. Struggling to keep in winter's cheer, Children burst out â€Å"winter is here†. Sometimes tend to gaze at the stars. On a clear winter's night maybe even Mars. When outside is a winter wonderland of snow, Passionate eyes like ember aglow. Teeth chatter like a pair of castanets. The cold seeps into our gloves until they cease to bend properly.There is no escape from the cold especially when it's in your own property Your muscles will be so numb you can barel y hop It seems like a mission just going to the first bus stop But if I do each the bus stop, I attempt to lean on it. Forgetting that in winter days, the icy biting metal that quickly imbibes all your body heat Leaving you as cold as those trees, it's an experience you loud not like to meet On winters day thin frozen puddles crack under my winter boots. To me the cracks look like gnarled fingers, twisted and knotted.Others say the cracks look like tree roots. The ground was as smooth as a cake Snow had fallen like icing powder, perfecting it to its finest point The scene so unreal one could say it was fake. The swirling white and the lush grass collided. Falling in snow the children were delighted The trees so tired it seemed they couldn't even put up a fight To keep themselves all stained white The trees dreamt of warmth All they received was the pale light only winter's Sun could give.Even the leaf stems lie frosty and sharp But it glistens like an angels harp The floor full of c rystals of ice gleam like a floor of polished white quartz Indicating aims time for winter sports. In winter people are sneezing because it is freezing As they exhale visible puffs of smoke diverge People begin to miss summers outdoor heating When witnessing the obscure clouds above finally converge. Winter winds now howl Piling up snow in adrift Tired from a lack of sleep people now scowl Misunderstanding, winters cool gift.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia Essay - 937 Words

Introduction Per MentalHelp.net, schizophrenia is rare with approximately one-percent of the worldwide population and 1.2 percent of the population of the United States suffering from the disease as of 2009. Accurate statistics are difficult to obtain because many sufferers do not seek help. Symptoms typically – but not always – present in teen years with different peak times for females and males. Females have two peak times of vulnerability – mid- to late twenties and again around 40 – whereas males have one between the ages of 18 and 25. (Nemade Dombect, 2009) There are many misconceptions surrounding schizophrenia. Unlike common thought, schizophrenics can recover and lead productive lives. Often they can work and remain employed as well as make decisions about their treatment. Episodes do not have to lead to institutionalization nor are all schizophrenics violent. While the exact cause of the disease is not known, it is a biological brain disease not brought on by any specific reason such as brain damage or trauma. (Nemade Dombeck, 2009) Etiology As stated in the introduction, the exact cause of schizophrenia is not known. However, much research exists to narrow the causes of the disease. Genetics can predispose individuals to the disease as evidenced by the fact that while only around one-percent of the general population has the disease, individuals who have a first-degree relative with schizophrenia have a 10-pecent chance of developing the disease. IndividualsShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1108 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, cognitive impairment, and mood symptoms. Hallucinations may include hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) or seeing people (visual hallucinations) that are not actually present. Patient also often have â€Å"negative† findings such as decreased energy, flat affect, and a lack of interest. These symptoms must typically be present for at least 6 months andRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1060 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is a well-known emotional and mental disorder that causes hallucinations, and paranoid and delusional behaviour (Hoffer, 2004). In contrast to many other diseases, schizophrenia is mostly due to genetics and influenced by the environment. People who suffer from this disorder usually cannot differentiate from the imaginative world from the real one. Schizophrenia is often a result of stress and develops gradually (DeLisi, 2011). It is therefore, essential to start earlyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdiagnosed with them. Although there are many neurological diseases, schizophrenia is one of them. Schizophrenia is one of the more known disorders in the psychological world. Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder and is chronic and severe to those thatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Schizophrenia1205 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia Roughly 2.5 Million Americans have been diagnosed with a chronical brain disorder known as Schizophrenia. Most people believe schizophrenia causes people to have split personalities, but that’s not the case. The illness called Schizophrenia causes a person to hallucinate, hear voices that others can’t hear, make people believe that they are being watched, and the belief somebody is out to harm them. (Mental Health America 2015) In this paper I will write about the prevalence, whatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1011 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that consists of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought. â€Å"Schizo† if Greek for Split while â€Å"phrene† means mind; schizophrenia literally translates to split mind (Burton, 2012). Why is schizophrenia considered to be split minded? According to Khouzam, 2012 split mind is used to describe the disruption within the thought process Schizophrenia i s a mental disorder that has subcategories that include paranoia, catatonia, disorganized, residual andRead MoreSymptoms, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1413 Words   |  6 PagesOverview, Symptoms, and Treatment for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is affecting people’s lives every day. There isn’t a cure for this disorder and it is lifelong. Schizophrenia can affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia843 Words   |  4 PagesPeople who suffered from schizophrenia were once mistaken to be â€Å"dangerous† and untreatable. For this reason, they were often institutionalized and removed from society (DiRocco). The causes of this mental psychotic disorder has been much more understood over the past decade resulting in the possibility for people with schizophrenia to live more average lives. Development of treatments, such as medication and various forms of psychotherapies, have been effective in treating symptoms and common comorbidRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1058 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.†(Melinda Smith, Jeanne Segal). Schizophrenia is treatable but incurable, and is present in one percent of the general population. Some people with schizophrenia can function normally without the help of medicines, while others must rely on medications. The disorder can also get so severe that an individual may need to be hospitalized or worse. The measures needed to treat schizophreniaRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1545 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is a psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupati onal dysfunction (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The symptoms of schizophrenia invade every aspect of a person: the way someone thinks, feels, and behaves; which implicates their interpersonal and working relationships. Individuals sufferingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1476 Words   |  6 Pages Schizophrenia, paranoid type was researched in terms of diagnostic criteria based on many different actions that affect people in multiple ways. Schizophrenia is a disease in the brain that is an emotionally draining illness that can affect the victim along with anyone in contact with the victim. RB a young man has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoid type. He lives at home with a loving family and he was always socially active and great student. Schizophrenia has been a severely stigmatized disorder

The Countries Involved in World War I

The relevance of world in the term World War I  is often difficult to see, because books, articles, and documentaries generally concentrate on Europe and America; even the Middle East and Anzac forces (Australian and New Zealand) are often glossed over. The use of world isnt, as non-Europeans might suspect, the result of self-important bias toward the West, because a full list of the countries involved in WWI reveals a picture of global activity. Between 1914 and 1918, more than 100 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia,  and Europe were part of the conflict. Key Takeaways: Countries Involved in World War I Although most of the battles of World War I occurred in western Europe, many other countries were involved in the events.  Some, like Canada and the U.S., declared war, sent troops, and manufactured armaments.Other countries kept prisoner of war camps or sent infrastructure workers.  Many countries in Africa and Asia were colonies of the large empires and were coerced to help with the war effort.   How Involved Were Countries? The levels of  involvement differed hugely. Some countries mobilized millions of troops and fought hard for more than four years; some were used as reservoirs of goods and manpower by their colonial rulers, while others simply declared war later on and contributed only moral support. Many were drawn in by colonial links: When Britain, France, and Germany declared war, they also committed their empires, involving most of Africa, India, and Australasia, while the 1917 entry of the U.S. prompted much of central America to follow. Consequently, the countries in the following list didnt necessarily send troops, and few saw fighting on their own soil; they either declared war or were considered involved in the conflict, such as being invaded before they could declare anything. Its important to remember, though, that the effects of WWI went beyond this global list. Even countries that remained neutral felt the economic and political effects of a conflict that shattered the established global order. Africa In 1914, 90 percent of the continent of Africa were colonies of the European powers, with only Liberia and Ethiopia retaining independence, and so much of Africas participation was enforced or conscripted. All told, about two million Africans served as soldiers or laborers, and half that total was coercively recruited as carriers or other workers, used to build transportation and other infrastructure projects or perform auxiliary services. The only regions to remain neutral in Africa were Ethiopia and the four small Spanish colonies of Rio de Oro (Spanish Sahara), Rio Muni, Ifni, and Spanish Morocco. Colonies in Africa that were involved in some manner included: AlgeriaAngolaAnglo-Egyptian SudanBasutolandBechuanalandBelgian CongoBritish East Africa (Kenya)British Gold CoastBritish SomalilandCameroonCabindaEgyptEritreaFrench Equatorial AfricaGabonMiddle CongoUbangi-SchariFrench SomalilandFrench West AfricaDahomeyGuineaIvory CoastMauretaniaSenegalUpper Senegal and NigerThe GambiaGerman East AfricaItalian SomalilandLiberiaMadagascarMoroccoPortuguese East Africa (Mozambique)NigeriaNorthern RhodesiaNyasalandSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSouth West Africa (Namibia)Southern RhodesiaTogolandTripoliTunisiaUganda and Zanzibar Americas When they finally joined the war effort in 1917, the United States sent four million men to the Allies. As a dominion of the United Kingdom, Canada sent 400,000 enlisted men, and, like the United States, manufactured armaments, aircraft, and ships. Latin American governments seesawed between neutrality and entry into the war, and Brazil was the only independent South American country to declare war in WWI; it joined the Entente countries—Great Britain, France, and Russia—against Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1917. Other South American nations severed their relations with Germany but did not declare war: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay, all in 1917. BahamasBarbadosBrazilBritish GuianaBritish HondurasCanadaCosta RicaCubaFalkland IslandsFrench GuianaGrenadaGuatemalaHaitiHondurasGuadeloupeJamaicaLeeward IslandsNewfoundlandNicaraguaPanamaSt. LuciaSt. VincentTrinidad and TobagoU.S.AWest Indies Asia Of all the Asian countries involved in World War I in some manner, India, a colony of the British Empire at the time, sent the most: 1.3 million troops and laborers went to the imperial war effort. China was officially neutral but provided about 200,000 laborers to the Allied forces to repair tanks. Japan sent 14 destroyers and a flagship cruiser to assist British ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Tiny Siam stayed neutral until mid-1917 and then sent about 1,500 men as pilots, aircraft mechanics, automobile drivers and mechanics, and medical and support staff. Regions in Asia contributing to the war effort were: AdenArabiaBahrainEl QatarKuwaitTrucial OmanBorneoCeylonChinaIndiaJapanPersiaPhilippinesRussiaSiamSingaporeTranscaucasiaTurkey Australasia and Pacific Islands The largest contributors to the war efforts were the large Australian Imperial Force (Australia still being a colony of England at the time), 330,000 soldiers sent to aid the Allies in the Middle East and Germany. Other contributing countries included: AntipodesAucklandAustral IslandsAustraliaBismarck ArchipelagoBountyCampbellCaroline IslandsChatham IslandsChristmasCook IslandsDucieElice IslandsFanningFlintFiji IslandsGilbert IslandsKermadec IslandsMacquarieMaldenMariana IslandsMarquesas IslandsMarshal IslandsNew GuineaNew CaledoniaNew HebridesNew ZealandNorfolkPalau IslandsPalmyraPaumoto IslandsPitcairnPhilippinesPhoenix IslandsSamoa IslandsSolomon IslandsTokelau IslandsTonga Europe Map of military alliances of Europe in 1914. historicair Most of the battles of World War I took place in Europe, and willingly or not, the people of most of the countries were somehow active in the conflict. For the Allies, 5.2 million British men served in the conflict, just under half of the available pool of men aged 18-51; 7.9 million French citizens were called to serve. A total of 13 million German citizens fought in the war between 1914 and 1918.  In the occupied territories, Germany and its allies also coerced civilians into labor: citizens from Italy, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Russian Poland all had conscripts fighting or assisting with the Entente efforts. AlbaniaAustria-HungaryBelgiumBulgariaCzechoslovakiaEstoniaFinlandFranceGreat BritainGermanyGreeceItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMontenegroPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSan MarinoSerbiaTurkey Atlantic Islands AscensionSandwich IslandsSouth GeorgiaSt. HelenaTristan da Cunha Indian Ocean Islands Andaman IslandsCocos IslandsMauritiusNicobar IslandsReunionSeychelles Sources Beauprà ©, Nicolas. France.  International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Università ¤t Berlin, 2014. Web.Badsey, Stephen. Great Britain.  International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Università ¤t Berlin, 2017. Web.Boissoneault, Lorraine. The Surprisingly Important Role China Played in WWI. World War I: 100 Years Later. Smithsonian.  2017. Web.Granatstein, J.L. Canada. International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Università ¤t Berlin, 2018. Web.Johnston, Eric. Japans Little-Known, but Significant, Role in World War I. The Japan Times  (2017). Web.Koller, Christian. Colonial Military Participation in Europe (Africa). International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Università ¤t Berlin, 2014. Web.Rinke, Stefan and Karina Kriegsmann. Latin America.  International Encylopedia of the First World War. Ed s. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Università ¤t Berlin, 2017. Web.Strahan, Hew. The First World War in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print.